American Nobel Prize Winners

General Interest, 1901-2004

The Nobel Prize is an international award given yearly for oustanding achievements in the fields of physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, economic science, and for peace. Since its inception in 1901 by Alfred Nobel, many have received the prestigious award. Listed below are the Americans who have received the prize amount, a gold medal and a diploma (with any non-American co-recipients listed in parentheses, as applicable).

1900s

1910s

1920s

1930s

1940s

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

Recipient Name	Nobel Prize Category	Year Awarded	Summary
1900s
Theodore Roosevelt>	Peace>	1906>	President of United States; collaborator of various peace treaties">
1910s	top of page
Alexis Carrel	Medicine	1912	"In recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"
Elihu Root	Peace	1912	Former Secretary of State; "Originator of various treaties of arbitration"
Theodore W. Richards	Chemistry	1914	"In recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements"
Woodrow Wilson	Peace	1919	President of United States of America; Founder of the League of Nations
1920s	top of page
Albert Einstein	Physics	1921	"For his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"
Robert A. Millikan	Physics	1921	"For his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"
Charles G. Dawes	Peace	1925	Vice-President of United States of America; Chairman of Allied Reparation Commission (Originator of "Dawes Plan")
Arthur H. Compton	Peace	1925	"For his discovery of the effect named after him"
Frank B. Kellogg	Peace	1929	Former Secretary of State; Part originator of the Kellogg-Briand Pact
1930s	top of page
Sinclair Lewis	Literature	1930	"For his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters"
Jane Addams	Peace	1931	Sociologist; International President for the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
Nicholas Murray Butler	Peace	1931	President, Columbia University; Promoter of the Kellogg-Briand Pact
Irving Langmuir	Chemistry	1932	"For his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry"
Thomas H. Morgan	Medicine	1933	"For his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"
Harold C. Urey	Chemistry	1934	"For his discovery of heavy hydrogen"
George R. Minot, William P. Murphy, George H. Whipple> William P. Murphy> George H. Whipple	Medicine	1934	"For their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"
Eugene O'Neill	Literature	1936	"For the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy"
Carl D. Anderson	Physics	1936	"For his discovery of the positron"
Clinton Davisson (George Paget Thomson)	Physics	1937	"For their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"
Pearl Buck	Literature	1938	"For her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces"
1940s	top of page
Edward A. Doisy	Medicine	1943	"For his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"
Joseph Erlanger Herbert S. Gasser	Medicine	1944	"For their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"
Cordell Hull	Peace	1945	Former Secretary of State; significant participant in the establishment of the United Nations
John H. Northrop Wendell M. Stanley	Chemistry	1946	"For their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"
James B. Sumner	Chemistry	1946	"For his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized"
Hermann J. Muller	Medicine	1946	"For the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"
Emily Greene Balch	Peace	1946	Former Professor of History and Sociology; Honorary International President, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
John R. Mott	Peace	1946	Chairman, International Missionary Council; President, World Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations
Percy W. Bridgman	Peace	1946	Former Professor of History and Sociology; Honorary International President, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
Carl Cori Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz	Medicine	1947	"For their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"
American Friends Service Committe (Quakers) (Friends Service Committee (Quakers))	Peace	1947	For their relief and reconstruction work in many European countries, as well as in India, China, and Japan
William F. Giaugue	Chemistry	1949	"For his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"
William Faulkner	Literature	1949	"For his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel"
1950s	top of page
Philip S. Hench Edward C. Kendall (Tadeus Reichstein)	Medicine	1950	"For their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"
Ralph Bunche	Peace	1950	"Professor, Harvard University Cambridge, MA; Director, division of Trusteeship, U.N.; Acting Mediator in Palestine, 1948"
Edwin M. McMillan Glenn T. Seaborg	Chemistry	1951	"For their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements"
E.M. Purcell Felix Bloch	Physics	1952	"For their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
Fritz Lipmann	Medicine	1953	"For his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"
George C. Marshall	Peace	1953	General President American Red Cross; former Secretary of State and of Defense; U.N. Delegate ; Originator of the "Marshall Plan"
Linus Pauling	Chemistry	1954	"For his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances"
Ernest Hemingway	Literature	1954	"For his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style"
John F. Enders Frederick C. Robbins Thomas H. Weller	Medicine	1954	"For their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"
Vincent du Vigneaud	Chemistry	1955	"For his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"
Polykarp Kusch	Physics	1955	"For his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron"
Willis E. Lamb	Physics	1955	"For his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"
Andre F. Cournand Dickinson W. Richards (Werner Forssmann)	Medicine	1956	"For their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"
John Bardeen Walter H. Brattain William B. Shockley	Physics	1956	"For their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"
Joshua Lederberg	Medicine	1958	"For his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"
George W. Beadle Edward Tatum	Medicine	1958	"For their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"
Joseph Lederberg	Medicine	1958	"For his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"
Arthur Kornberg Severo Ochoa	Medicine	1959	"For their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"
Owen Chamberlain (Emilio Segre)	Physics	1959	"For their discovery of the antiproton"
1960s	top of page
Willard F. Libby	Chemistry	1960	"For his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"
Donald A. Glaser	Physics	1960	"For the invention of the bubble chamber"
Melvin Calvin	Chemistry	1961	"For his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"
Robert Hofstadter	Physics	1961	"For his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the stucture of the nucleons"
John Steinbeck	Literature	1962	"For his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception"
James Watson (Francis Crick) (Maurice Wilkins)	Medicine	1962	"For their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"
Linus Pauling	Peace	1962	Worked with Russian, American, and British leaders to negotiate the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963
Maria Goeppert-Mayer (J. Hans D. Jensen)	Physics	1963	"For their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"
Eugene Wigner	Physics	1963	"For his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"
Martin Luther King	Peace	1964	Leader of "Southern Christian Leadership Conference"
Charles H. Townes (Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov) (Aleksandr Prokhorov)	Physics	1964	"For fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle"
Robert B. Woodward	Chemistry	1965	"For his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis"
Richard P. Feynman Julian Schwinger (Sin-Itiro Tomonaga)	Physics	1965	"For their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"
Robert S. Mulliken	Chemistry	1966	"For his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method"
Charles B. Huggins	Medicine	1966	"For his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer"
Peyton Rous	Medicine	1966	"For his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses"
Haldan K. Hartline (Ragnar Granit) George Wald	Medicine	1967	"For their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"
Hans Bethe	Physics	1967	"For his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"
Lars Onsager	Chemistry	1968	"For the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"
Robert W. Holley H. Gobind Khorana Marshall W. Nirenberg	Medicine	1968	"For their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"
Luis Alvarez	Physics	1968	"For his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis"
Max Delbruck Alfred D. Hershey Murray Gell-Mann	Medicine	1969	"For their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"
Murray Gell-Mann	Physics	1969	"For his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"
1970s	top of page
Paul A. Samuelson	Economics	1970	"For the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science"
Julius Axelrod (Sir Bernard Katz) (Ulf von Euler)	Medicine	1970	"For their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"
Simon Kuznets	Economics	1971	"For his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth, which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development"
Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.	Medicine	1971	"For his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones"
Christian Anfinsen	Chemistry	1972	"For his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"
Stanford Moore William Stein	Chemistry	1972	"For their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"
Kenneth J. Arrow (John R. Hicks)	Economics	1972	"For their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory"
Gerald M. Edelman (Rodney R. Porter)	Medicine	1972	"For their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"
John Bardeen Leon N. Cooper Robert Schrieffer	Physics	1972	"For their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"
Henry Kissinger (Le Duc Tho)	Peace	1973	Former Secretary of State, during the Vietnam War (Democratic Republic of Vietnam; declined the prize)
Ivar Giaever (Leo Esaki)	Physics	1973	"For their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"
Paul J. Flory	Chemistry	1974	"For his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules"
George E. Palade (Albert Claude) (Christian de Duve)	Medicine	1974	"For their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"
Thalling C. Koopmans (Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich)	Economics	1975	"For their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources"
David Baltimore (Renato Dulbecco) Howard M. Temin	Medicine	1975	"For their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"
Ben R. Mottelson (Aage Niels Bohr) James Rainwater	Physics	1975	"For the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"
William Lipscomb	Chemistry	1976	"For his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding"
Milton Friedman	Economics	1976	"For his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy"
Baruch S. Blumberg D. Carleton Gajdusek	Medicine	1976	"For their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"
Burton Richter Samuel C.C. Ting	Physics	1976	"For their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"
Roger Guillemin Andrew V. Schally	Medicine	1977	"For their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"
Rosalyn Yalow	Medicine	1977	"For the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"
Philip W. Anderson (Sir Nevill Francis Mott) John H. van Vleck	Physics	1977	"For their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"
Herbert A. Simon	Economics	1978	"For his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations"
Daniel Nathans (Werner Arber) Hamilton O. Smith	Medicine	1978	"For the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"
Arno Penzias Robert Woodrow Wilson	Physics	1978	"For their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"
Theodore W. Schultz (Sir Arthur Lewis)	Economics	1979	"For their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries"
Alan M. Cormack Godfrey N. Hounsfield	Medicine	1979	"For the development of computer assisted tomography"
Sheldon Glashow (Abdus Salam) Steven Weinberg	Physics	1979	"For their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"
1980s	top of page
Paul Berg	Chemistry	1980	"For his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"
Walter Gilbert (Frederick Sanger)	Chemistry	1980	"For their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"
Lawrence R. Klein	Economics	1980	"For the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies"
Baruj Benacerraf (Jean Dausset) George D. Snell	Medicine	1980	"For their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"
James Cronin Val Fitch	Physics	1980	"For the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"
James Tobin	Economics	1981	"For his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices"
David H. Hubel (Torsten N. Wiesel)	Medicine	1981	"For their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"
Roger W. Sperry	Medicine	1981	"For his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres"
Nocolaas Bloembergen Arthur L. Schawlow	Physics	1981	"For their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"
George J. Stigler	Economics	1982	"For his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation"
Kenneth G. Wilson	Physics	1982	"For his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions"
Gerard Debreu	Economics	1983	"For having incorporated new analytical methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium"
Barbara McClintock	Medicine	1983	"For her discovery of mobile genetic elements"
Subramanyan Chandrasekhar	Physics	1983	"For his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars"
William A. Fowler	Physics	1983	"For his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe"
Bruce Merrifield	Chemistry	1984	"For his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"
Herbert A. Hauptman Jerome Karle	Chemistry	1985	"For their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"
Michael S. Brown Joseph L. Goldstein	Medicine	1985	"For their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War	Peace	1985	"A federation of national groups dedicated to mobilizing the influence of the medical profession against the threat of nuclear weapons"
Duley R. Herschbach Yuan T. Lee (John C. Polanyi)	Chemistry	1986	"For their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"
James M. Buchanan, Jr.	Economics	1986	"For his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making"
Stanley Cohen (Rita Levi-Montalcini)	Medicine	1986	"For their discoveries of growth factors"
Elie Wiesel	Peace	1986	Chairman of "The President's Commission on the Holocaust"
Donald J. Cram (Jean-Marie Lehn) Charles J. Pedersen	Chemistry	1987	"For their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"
Robert M. Solow	Economics	1987	"For his contributions to the theory of economic growth"
Gertrude B. Elion George H. Hitchings (Sir James W. Black)	Medicine	1988	"For their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"
Leon M. Lederman Melvin Schwartz Jack Steinberger	Physics	1988	"For the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"
Sidney Altman Thomas R. Cech	Chemistry	1989	"For their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"
J. Michael Bishop Harold E. Varmus	Medicine	1989	"For their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"
Norman F. Ramsey	Physics	1989	"For the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks"
Hans G. Dehmelt (Wolfgang Paul)	Physics	1989	"For the development of the ion trap technique"
1990s	top of page
Elias James Corey	Chemistry	1990	"For his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"
Harry M. Markowitz Merton H. Miller William F. Sharpe	Economics	1990	"For their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics"
Joseph E. Murray E. Donnall Thomas	Medicine	1990	"For their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"
Jerome I. Friedman Henry W. Kendall (Richard E. Taylor)	Physics	1990	"For their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"
Gary S. Becker	Economics	1992	"For having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour"
Edmond H. Fischer Edwin G. Krebs	Medicine	1992	"For their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"
Kary B. Mullis	Chemistry	1993	"For his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method"
Robert W. Fogel Douglass C. North	Economics	1993	"For having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change"
Toni Morrison	Literature	1993	"Who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality"
Philip A. Sharp (Richard J. Roberts)	Medicine	1993	"For their discoveries of split genes"
Russell A. Hulse	Physics	1993	"For the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"
Joseph H. Taylor, Jr. John F. Nash, Jr.	Physics	1993	"For the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"
John C. Harsanyi John F. Nash, Jr. (Reinhard Selten)	Economics	1994	"For their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games"
Alfred G. Gilman Martin Rodbell	Medicine	1994	"For their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"
Clifford G. Shull	Physics	1994	"For the development of the neutron diffraction technique"
Mario J. Molina Paul J. Crutzen F. Sherwood Rowland	Chemistry	1995	"For their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"
Robert E. Lucas, Jr.	Economics	1995	"For having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy"
Edward B. Lewis (Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard) Eric F. Wieschaus	Medicine	1995	"For their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"
Martin L. Perl	Physics	1995	"For pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics: for the discovery of the tau lepton""
Frederick Reines	Physics	1995	"For pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics: for the detection of the neutrino"
Robert F. Curl Jr. (Sir Harold W. Kroto) Richard E. Smalley	Chemistry	1996	"For their discovery of fullerenes"
William Vickrey (James A. Mirrlees)	Economics	1996	"For their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information"
David M. Lee Douglas D. Osheroff Robert C. Richardson	Physics	1996	"For their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"
Paul D. Boyer (John E. Walker)	Chemistry	1997	"For their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"
Robert C. Merton Myron S. Scholes	Economics	1997	"For a new method to determine the value of derivatives"
Stanley B. Prusiner	Medicine	1997	"For his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection"
International Campaign to Ban Landmines Jody Williams	Peace	1997	"For their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines"
Steven Chu William D. Phillips (Claude Cohen-Tannoudji)	Physics	1997	"For development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"
Robert F. Furchgott Louis J. Igarro Ferid Murad	Medicine	1998	"For their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system"
Robert B. Laughlin (Horst L. Stormer) Daniel C. Tsui	Physics	1998	"For their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"
Gunter Blobel	Medicine	1999	"For the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"
2000s	top of page
Alan Heeger (Alan G. MacDiarmid) (Hideki Shirakawa)	Chemistry	2000	"For the discovery and development of conductive polymers"
James J. Heckman	Economics	2000	"For his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples"
Daniel L. McFadden	Economics	2000	"For his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice"
Paul Greengard Eric R. Kandel (Arvid Carlsson)	Medicine	2000	"For their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"
Jack S. Kilby	Physics	2000	"For basic work on information and communication technology: for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit"
William S. Knowles (Ryoji Noyori)	Chemistry	2001	"For their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions"
K. Barry Sharpless	Chemistry	2001	"For his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"
George A. Akerlof A. Michael Spence Joseph E. Stiglitz	Economics	2001	"For their analyses of markets with asymmetric information"
Leland H. Hartwell (R. Timothy (Tim) Hunt) (Sir Paul M. Nurse)	Medicine	2001	"For their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"
Eric A. Cornell (Wolfgang Ketterle) Wolfgang E. Wieman	Physics	2001	"For the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"
John B. Fenn (Koichi Tanaka)	Chemistry	2002	"For the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules: "For their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"
Daniel Kahneman	Economics	2002	"For having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty"
Vernon L. Smith	Economics	2002	"For having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms"
H. Robert Horvitz (Sydney Brenner) (John E. Sulston)	Medicine	2002	"For their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"
Jimmy Carter	Peace	2002	"For his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development"
Raymond Davis, Jr. (Masatoshi Koshiba)	Physics	2002	"For pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"
Riccardo Giacconi	Physics	2002	"For pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources"
Peter Agre	Chemistry	2003	"For discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes: for the discovery of water channels"
Roderick MacKinnon	Chemistry	2003	"For discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes: for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"
Robert F. Engle III	Economics	2003	"For methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)"
Paul C. Lauterbur (Sir Peter Mansfield)	Medicine	2003	"For their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"
Alexei A. Abrikosov Anthony J. Leggett (Vitaly L. Ginzburg)	Physics	2003	"For pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"
Irwin Rose (Aaron Ciechanover) (Avram Hershko)	Chemistry	2004	"For the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"
Edward C. Prescott (Finn E. Kydland)	Economics	2004	"For their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles"
Richard Axel Linda B. Buck	Medicine	2004	"For their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"
David J. Gross H. David Politzer Frank Wilczek	Physics	2004	"For the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"

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General Interest, 1901-2004

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