|
Recipient Name
|
Nobel Prize Category
|
Year Awarded
|
Summary
|
|
|
|
|
Theodore Roosevelt>
|
Peace>
|
1906>
|
President of United States; collaborator of various peace treaties">
|
|
|
|
|
Alexis Carrel
|
Medicine
|
1912
|
"In recognition of his work on
vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"
|
|
Elihu Root
|
Peace
|
1912
|
Former Secretary of State; "Originator
of various treaties of arbitration"
|
|
Theodore W. Richards
|
Chemistry
|
1914
|
"In recognition of his accurate determinations
of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements"
|
|
Woodrow Wilson
|
Peace
|
1919
|
President of United States of America;
Founder of the League of Nations
|
|
|
|
|
Albert Einstein
|
Physics
|
1921
|
"For his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"
|
|
Robert A. Millikan
|
Physics
|
1921
|
"For his work on the elementary
charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"
|
|
Charles G. Dawes
|
Peace
|
1925
|
Vice-President of United
States of America; Chairman of Allied Reparation Commission (Originator of "Dawes Plan")
|
|
Arthur H. Compton
|
Peace
|
1925
|
"For his discovery of the
effect named after him"
|
|
Frank B. Kellogg
|
Peace
|
1929
|
Former Secretary of State;
Part originator of the Kellogg-Briand Pact
|
|
|
|
|
Sinclair Lewis
|
Literature
|
1930
|
"For his vigorous and graphic art
of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of
characters"
|
|
Jane Addams
|
Peace
|
1931
|
Sociologist; International President
for the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
|
|
Nicholas Murray Butler
|
Peace
|
1931
|
President, Columbia University;
Promoter of the Kellogg-Briand Pact
|
|
Irving Langmuir
|
Chemistry
|
1932
|
"For his discoveries
and investigations in surface chemistry"
|
|
Thomas H. Morgan
|
Medicine
|
1933
|
"For his discoveries concerning the role
played by the chromosome in heredity"
|
|
Harold C. Urey
|
Chemistry
|
1934
|
"For his discovery of heavy hydrogen"
|
|
George R. Minot, William P. Murphy, George H. Whipple>
William P. Murphy>
George H. Whipple
|
Medicine
|
1934
|
"For their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"
|
|
Eugene O'Neill
|
Literature
|
1936
|
"For the power, honesty
and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original
concept of tragedy"
|
|
Carl D. Anderson
|
Physics
|
1936
|
"For his discovery
of the positron"
|
|
Clinton Davisson
(George Paget Thomson)
|
Physics
|
1937
|
"For their experimental
discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"
|
|
Pearl Buck
|
Literature
|
1938
|
"For her rich and truly
epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical
masterpieces"
|
|
|
|
|
Edward A. Doisy
|
Medicine
|
1943
|
"For his discovery of the
chemical nature of vitamin K"
|
|
Joseph Erlanger
Herbert S. Gasser
|
Medicine
|
1944
|
"For their discoveries relating
to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"
|
|
Cordell Hull
|
Peace
|
1945
|
Former Secretary of State; significant
participant in the establishment of the United Nations
|
|
John H. Northrop
Wendell M. Stanley
|
Chemistry
|
1946
|
"For their preparation
of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"
|
|
James B. Sumner
|
Chemistry
|
1946
|
"For his discovery that
enzymes can be crystallized"
|
|
Hermann J. Muller
|
Medicine
|
1946
|
"For the discovery of
the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"
|
|
Emily Greene Balch
|
Peace
|
1946
|
Former Professor of History
and Sociology; Honorary International President, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
|
|
John R. Mott
|
Peace
|
1946
|
Chairman, International Missionary
Council; President, World Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations
|
|
Percy W. Bridgman
|
Peace
|
1946
|
Former Professor of History
and Sociology; Honorary International President, Women's International League
for Peace and Freedom
|
|
Carl Cori
Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz
|
Medicine
|
1947
|
"For their discovery of the
course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"
|
|
American Friends Service Committe (Quakers)
(Friends Service Committee (Quakers))
|
Peace
|
1947
|
For their relief and reconstruction work in
many European countries, as well as in India, China, and Japan
|
|
William F. Giaugue
|
Chemistry
|
1949
|
"For his contributions in the
field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of
substances at extremely low temperatures"
|
|
William Faulkner
|
Literature
|
1949
|
"For his powerful and artistically
unique contribution to the modern American novel"
|
|
|
|
|
Philip S. Hench
Edward C. Kendall
(Tadeus Reichstein)
|
Medicine
|
1950
|
"For their discoveries relating
to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"
|
|
Ralph Bunche
|
Peace
|
1950
|
"Professor, Harvard University Cambridge,
MA; Director, division of Trusteeship, U.N.; Acting Mediator in Palestine, 1948"
|
|
Edwin M. McMillan
Glenn T. Seaborg
|
Chemistry
|
1951
|
"For their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements"
|
|
E.M. Purcell
Felix Bloch
|
Physics
|
1952
|
"For their development of new methods
for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
|
|
Fritz Lipmann
|
Medicine
|
1953
|
"For his discovery of co-enzyme A and
its importance for intermediary metabolism"
|
|
George C. Marshall
|
Peace
|
1953
|
General President American Red Cross;
former Secretary of State and of Defense; U.N. Delegate ; Originator of the "Marshall Plan"
|
|
Linus Pauling
|
Chemistry
|
1954
|
"For his research into the nature of the
chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex
substances"
|
|
Ernest Hemingway
|
Literature
|
1954
|
"For his mastery of the art of narrative,
most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence
that he has exerted on contemporary style"
|
|
John F. Enders
Frederick C. Robbins
Thomas H. Weller
|
Medicine
|
1954
|
"For their discovery of the ability of
poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"
|
|
Vincent du Vigneaud
|
Chemistry
|
1955
|
"For his work on biochemically
important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a
polypeptide hormone"
|
|
Polykarp Kusch
|
Physics
|
1955
|
"For his precision
determination of the magnetic moment of the electron"
|
|
Willis E. Lamb
|
Physics
|
1955
|
"For his discoveries
concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"
|
|
Andre F. Cournand
Dickinson W. Richards
(Werner Forssmann)
|
Medicine
|
1956
|
"For their discoveries concerning
heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"
|
|
John Bardeen
Walter H. Brattain
William B. Shockley
|
Physics
|
1956
|
"For their researches on semiconductors
and their discovery of the transistor effect"
|
|
Joshua Lederberg
|
Medicine
|
1958
|
"For his discoveries concerning
genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"
|
|
George W. Beadle
Edward Tatum
|
Medicine
|
1958
|
"For their discovery that
genes act by regulating definite chemical events"
|
|
Joseph Lederberg
|
Medicine
|
1958
|
"For his discoveries concerning
genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"
|
|
Arthur Kornberg
Severo Ochoa
|
Medicine
|
1959
|
"For their discovery of the mechanisms
in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"
|
|
Owen Chamberlain
(Emilio Segre)
|
Physics
|
1959
|
"For their discovery of the antiproton"
|
|
|
|
|
Willard F. Libby
|
Chemistry
|
1960
|
"For his method to use carbon-14 for
age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"
|
|
Donald A. Glaser
|
Physics
|
1960
|
"For the invention of the bubble chamber"
|
|
Melvin Calvin
|
Chemistry
|
1961
|
"For his research on the carbon
dioxide assimilation in plants"
|
|
Robert Hofstadter
|
Physics
|
1961
|
"For his pioneering studies of electron scattering
in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the stucture of the
nucleons"
|
|
John Steinbeck
|
Literature
|
1962
|
"For his realistic and imaginative writings,
combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception"
|
|
James Watson
(Francis Crick)
(Maurice Wilkins)
|
Medicine
|
1962
|
"For their discoveries concerning the molecular
structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"
|
|
Linus Pauling
|
Peace
|
1962
|
Worked with Russian, American, and British leaders
to negotiate the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963
|
|
Maria Goeppert-Mayer
(J. Hans D. Jensen)
|
Physics
|
1963
|
"For their discoveries
concerning nuclear shell structure"
|
|
Eugene Wigner
|
Physics
|
1963
|
"For his contributions to the
theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through
the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"
|
|
Martin Luther King
|
Peace
|
1964
|
Leader of "Southern Christian Leadership
Conference"
|
|
Charles H. Townes
(Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov)
(Aleksandr Prokhorov)
|
Physics
|
1964
|
"For fundamental work in the field of
quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers
based on the maser-laser principle"
|
|
Robert B. Woodward
|
Chemistry
|
1965
|
"For his outstanding achievements
in the art of organic synthesis"
|
|
Richard P. Feynman
Julian Schwinger
(Sin-Itiro Tomonaga)
|
Physics
|
1965
|
"For their fundamental work
in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics
of elementary particles"
|
|
Robert S. Mulliken
|
Chemistry
|
1966
|
"For his fundamental work concerning
chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital
method"
|
|
Charles B. Huggins
|
Medicine
|
1966
|
"For his discoveries concerning hormonal
treatment of prostatic cancer"
|
|
Peyton Rous
|
Medicine
|
1966
|
"For his discovery of tumour-inducing
viruses"
|
|
Haldan K. Hartline
(Ragnar Granit)
George Wald
|
Medicine
|
1967
|
"For their discoveries concerning
the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"
|
|
Hans Bethe
|
Physics
|
1967
|
"For his contributions to the theory of nuclear
reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"
|
|
Lars Onsager
|
Chemistry
|
1968
|
"For the discovery of the reciprocal relations
bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"
|
|
Robert W. Holley
H. Gobind Khorana
Marshall W. Nirenberg
|
Medicine
|
1968
|
"For their interpretation of the genetic
code and its function in protein synthesis"
|
|
Luis Alvarez
|
Physics
|
1968
|
"For his decisive contributions to elementary
particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made
possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data
analysis"
|
|
Max Delbruck
Alfred D. Hershey
Murray Gell-Mann
|
Medicine
|
1969
|
"For their discoveries concerning the replication
mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"
|
|
Murray Gell-Mann
|
Physics
|
1969
|
"For his contributions and discoveries concerning
the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"
|
|
|
|
|
Paul A. Samuelson
|
Economics
|
1970
|
"For the scientific work through which he has
developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level
of analysis in economic science"
|
|
Julius Axelrod
(Sir Bernard Katz)
(Ulf von Euler)
|
Medicine
|
1970
|
"For their discoveries concerning the humoral
transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and
inactivation"
|
|
Simon Kuznets
|
Economics
|
1971
|
"For his empirically founded interpretation of
economic growth, which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social
structure and process of development"
|
|
Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
|
Medicine
|
1971
|
"For his discoveries concerning the
mechanisms of the action of hormones"
|
|
Christian Anfinsen
|
Chemistry
|
1972
|
"For his work on ribonuclease, especially
concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active
conformation"
|
|
Stanford Moore
William Stein
|
Chemistry
|
1972
|
"For their contribution to the understanding of
the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the
ribonuclease molecule"
|
|
Kenneth J. Arrow
(John R. Hicks)
|
Economics
|
1972
|
"For their pioneering
contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare
theory"
|
|
Gerald M. Edelman
(Rodney R. Porter)
|
Medicine
|
1972
|
"For their discoveries
concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"
|
|
John Bardeen
Leon N. Cooper
Robert Schrieffer
|
Physics
|
1972
|
"For their jointly developed
theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"
|
|
Henry Kissinger
(Le Duc Tho)
|
Peace
|
1973
|
Former Secretary of State, during the Vietnam War
(Democratic Republic of Vietnam; declined the prize)
|
|
Ivar Giaever
(Leo Esaki)
|
Physics
|
1973
|
"For their experimental discoveries regarding
tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"
|
|
Paul J. Flory
|
Chemistry
|
1974
|
"For his fundamental achievements, both theoretical
and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules"
|
|
George E. Palade
(Albert Claude)
(Christian de Duve)
|
Medicine
|
1974
|
"For their discoveries concerning the structural
and functional organization of the cell"
|
|
Thalling C. Koopmans
(Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich)
|
Economics
|
1975
|
"For their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources"
|
|
David Baltimore
(Renato Dulbecco)
Howard M. Temin
|
Medicine
|
1975
|
"For their discoveries concerning
the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"
|
|
Ben R. Mottelson
(Aage Niels Bohr)
James Rainwater
|
Physics
|
1975
|
"For the discovery of the connection between
collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory
of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"
|
|
William Lipscomb
|
Chemistry
|
1976
|
"For his studies on the structure of boranes
illuminating problems of chemical bonding"
|
|
Milton Friedman
|
Economics
|
1976
|
"For his achievements in the fields of
consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the
complexity of stabilization policy"
|
|
Baruch S. Blumberg
D. Carleton Gajdusek
|
Medicine
|
1976
|
"For their discoveries concerning new
mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"
|
|
Burton Richter
Samuel C.C. Ting
|
Physics
|
1976
|
"For their pioneering work in the discovery
of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"
|
|
Roger Guillemin
Andrew V. Schally
|
Medicine
|
1977
|
"For their discoveries
concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"
|
|
Rosalyn Yalow
|
Medicine
|
1977
|
"For the development of radioimmunoassays
of peptide hormones"
|
|
Philip W. Anderson
(Sir Nevill Francis Mott)
John H. van Vleck
|
Physics
|
1977
|
"For their fundamental theoretical
investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"
|
|
Herbert A. Simon
|
Economics
|
1978
|
"For his pioneering research into
the decision-making process within economic organizations"
|
|
Daniel Nathans
(Werner Arber)
Hamilton O. Smith
|
Medicine
|
1978
|
"For the discovery of restriction enzymes
and their application to problems of molecular genetics"
|
|
Arno Penzias
Robert Woodrow Wilson
|
Physics
|
1978
|
"For their discovery of cosmic microwave
background radiation"
|
|
Theodore W. Schultz
(Sir Arthur Lewis)
|
Economics
|
1979
|
"For their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries"
|
|
Alan M. Cormack
Godfrey N. Hounsfield
|
Medicine
|
1979
|
"For the development of computer
assisted tomography"
|
|
Sheldon Glashow
(Abdus Salam)
Steven Weinberg
|
Physics
|
1979
|
"For their contributions to the theory
of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles,
including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"
|
|
|
|
|
Paul Berg
|
Chemistry
|
1980
|
"For his fundamental studies of
the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"
|
|
Walter Gilbert
(Frederick Sanger)
|
Chemistry
|
1980
|
"For their contributions concerning the
determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"
|
|
Lawrence R. Klein
|
Economics
|
1980
|
"For the creation of econometric models
and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies"
|
|
Baruj Benacerraf
(Jean Dausset)
George D. Snell
|
Medicine
|
1980
|
"For their discoveries concerning genetically
determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"
|
|
James Cronin
Val Fitch
|
Physics
|
1980
|
"For the discovery of violations of fundamental
symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"
|
|
James Tobin
|
Economics
|
1981
|
"For his analysis of financial markets and their
relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices"
|
|
David H. Hubel
(Torsten N. Wiesel)
|
Medicine
|
1981
|
"For their discoveries concerning information
processing in the visual system"
|
|
Roger W. Sperry
|
Medicine
|
1981
|
"For his discoveries concerning the functional
specialization of the cerebral hemispheres"
|
|
Nocolaas Bloembergen
Arthur L. Schawlow
|
Physics
|
1981
|
"For their contribution to the development
of laser spectroscopy"
|
|
George J. Stigler
|
Economics
|
1982
|
"For his seminal studies of industrial structures,
functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation"
|
|
Kenneth G. Wilson
|
Physics
|
1982
|
"For his theory for critical phenomena in
connection with phase transitions"
|
|
Gerard Debreu
|
Economics
|
1983
|
"For having incorporated new analytical
methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of
general equilibrium"
|
|
Barbara McClintock
|
Medicine
|
1983
|
"For her discovery of mobile
genetic elements"
|
|
Subramanyan Chandrasekhar
|
Physics
|
1983
|
"For his theoretical studies of the
physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars"
|
|
William A. Fowler
|
Physics
|
1983
|
"For his theoretical and
experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation
of the chemical elements in the universe"
|
|
Bruce Merrifield
|
Chemistry
|
1984
|
"For his development of methodology
for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"
|
|
Herbert A. Hauptman
Jerome Karle
|
Chemistry
|
1985
|
"For their outstanding achievements
in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"
|
|
Michael S. Brown
Joseph L. Goldstein
|
Medicine
|
1985
|
"For their discoveries concerning the
regulation of cholesterol metabolism"
|
|
International Physicians for the
Prevention of Nuclear War
|
Peace
|
1985
|
"A federation of national groups dedicated
to mobilizing the influence of the medical profession against the threat of nuclear
weapons"
|
|
Duley R. Herschbach
Yuan T. Lee
(John C. Polanyi)
|
Chemistry
|
1986
|
"For their contributions concerning
the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"
|
|
James M. Buchanan, Jr.
|
Economics
|
1986
|
"For his development of the contractual
and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making"
|
|
Stanley Cohen
(Rita Levi-Montalcini)
|
Medicine
|
1986
|
"For their discoveries of growth factors"
|
|
Elie Wiesel
|
Peace
|
1986
|
Chairman of "The President's Commission
on the Holocaust"
|
|
Donald J. Cram
(Jean-Marie Lehn)
Charles J. Pedersen
|
Chemistry
|
1987
|
"For their development and use of molecules
with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"
|
|
Robert M. Solow
|
Economics
|
1987
|
"For his contributions to the theory of
economic growth"
|
|
Gertrude B. Elion
George H. Hitchings
(Sir James W. Black)
|
Medicine
|
1988
|
"For their discoveries of
important principles for drug treatment"
|
|
Leon M. Lederman
Melvin Schwartz
Jack Steinberger
|
Physics
|
1988
|
"For the neutrino beam method and
the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery
of the muon neutrino"
|
|
Sidney Altman
Thomas R. Cech
|
Chemistry
|
1989
|
"For their discovery of catalytic
properties of RNA"
|
|
J. Michael Bishop
Harold E. Varmus |
Medicine
|
1989
|
"For their discovery of the cellular
origin of retroviral oncogenes"
|
|
Norman F. Ramsey
|
Physics
|
1989
|
"For the invention of the separated
oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks"
|
|
Hans G. Dehmelt
(Wolfgang Paul)
|
Physics
|
1989
|
"For the development of the ion trap technique"
|
|
|
|
|
Elias James Corey
|
Chemistry
|
1990
|
"For his development of the theory
and methodology of organic synthesis"
|
|
Harry M. Markowitz
Merton H. Miller
William F. Sharpe
|
Economics
|
1990
|
"For their pioneering work in the theory
of financial economics"
|
|
Joseph E. Murray
E. Donnall Thomas |
Medicine
|
1990
|
"For their discoveries concerning
organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"
|
|
Jerome I. Friedman
Henry W. Kendall
(Richard E. Taylor)
|
Physics
|
1990
|
"For their pioneering investigations
concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons,
which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model
in particle physics"
|
|
Gary S. Becker
|
Economics
|
1992
|
"For having extended the domain of
microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction,
including nonmarket behaviour"
|
|
Edmond H. Fischer
Edwin G. Krebs
|
Medicine
|
1992
|
"For their discoveries concerning
reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"
|
|
Kary B. Mullis
|
Chemistry
|
1993
|
"For his invention of the polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) method"
|
|
Robert W. Fogel
Douglass C. North
|
Economics
|
1993
|
"For having renewed research in economic
history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain
economic and institutional change"
|
|
Toni Morrison
|
Literature
|
1993
|
"Who in novels characterized by visionary
force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality"
|
|
Philip A. Sharp
(Richard J. Roberts)
|
Medicine
|
1993
|
"For their discoveries of split genes"
|
|
Russell A. Hulse
|
Physics
|
1993
|
"For the discovery of a new type of pulsar,
a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"
|
|
Joseph H. Taylor, Jr.
John F. Nash, Jr.
|
Physics
|
1993
|
"For the discovery of a new type of pulsar,
a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"
|
|
John C. Harsanyi
John F. Nash, Jr.
(Reinhard Selten)
|
Economics
|
1994
|
"For their pioneering analysis of equilibria
in the theory of non-cooperative games"
|
|
Alfred G. Gilman
Martin Rodbell
|
Medicine
|
1994
|
"For their discovery of G-proteins and the
role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"
|
|
Clifford G. Shull
|
Physics
|
1994
|
"For the development of the neutron
diffraction technique"
|
|
Mario J. Molina
Paul J. Crutzen
F. Sherwood Rowland
|
Chemistry
|
1995
|
"For their work in atmospheric
chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"
|
|
Robert E. Lucas, Jr.
|
Economics
|
1995
|
"For having developed and applied the
hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic
analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy"
|
|
Edward B. Lewis
(Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard)
Eric F. Wieschaus
|
Medicine
|
1995
|
"For their discoveries concerning the
genetic control of early embryonic development"
|
|
Martin L. Perl
|
Physics
|
1995
|
"For pioneering experimental contributions to
lepton physics: for the discovery of the tau lepton""
|
|
Frederick Reines
|
Physics
|
1995
|
"For pioneering experimental contributions to
lepton physics: for the detection of the neutrino"
|
|
Robert F. Curl Jr.
(Sir Harold W. Kroto)
Richard E. Smalley
|
Chemistry
|
1996
|
"For their discovery of fullerenes"
|
|
William Vickrey
(James A. Mirrlees)
|
Economics
|
1996
|
"For their fundamental contributions to the
economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information"
|
|
David M. Lee
Douglas D. Osheroff
Robert C. Richardson
|
Physics
|
1996
|
"For their discovery of superfluidity
in helium-3"
|
|
Paul D. Boyer
(John E. Walker)
|
Chemistry
|
1997
|
"For their elucidation of the enzymatic
mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"
|
|
Robert C. Merton
Myron S. Scholes
|
Economics
|
1997
|
"For a new method to determine
the value of derivatives"
|
|
Stanley B. Prusiner
|
Medicine
|
1997
|
"For his discovery of Prions -
a new biological principle of infection"
|
|
International Campaign to Ban Landmines
Jody Williams
|
Peace
|
1997
|
"For their work for the banning
and clearing of anti-personnel mines"
|
|
Steven Chu
William D. Phillips
(Claude Cohen-Tannoudji)
|
Physics
|
1997
|
"For development of methods
to cool and trap atoms with laser light"
|
|
Robert F. Furchgott
Louis J. Igarro
Ferid Murad
|
Medicine
|
1998
|
"For their discoveries concerning nitric
oxide as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system"
|
|
Robert B. Laughlin
(Horst L. Stormer)
Daniel C. Tsui
|
Physics
|
1998
|
"For their discovery of a new form of quantum
fluid with fractionally charged excitations"
|
|
Gunter Blobel
|
Medicine
|
1999
|
"For the discovery that proteins have intrinsic
signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"
|
|
|
|
|
Alan Heeger
(Alan G. MacDiarmid)
(Hideki Shirakawa)
|
Chemistry
|
2000
|
"For the discovery and development
of conductive polymers"
|
|
James J. Heckman
|
Economics
|
2000
|
"For his development of theory and methods for
analyzing selective samples"
|
|
Daniel L. McFadden
|
Economics
|
2000
|
"For his development of theory and methods
for analyzing discrete choice"
|
|
Paul Greengard
Eric R. Kandel
(Arvid Carlsson)
|
Medicine
|
2000
|
"For their discoveries concerning
signal transduction in the nervous system"
|
|
Jack S. Kilby
|
Physics
|
2000
|
"For basic work on information and
communication technology: for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit"
|
|
William S. Knowles
(Ryoji Noyori)
|
Chemistry
|
2001
|
"For their work on chirally
catalysed hydrogenation reactions"
|
|
K. Barry Sharpless
|
Chemistry
|
2001
|
"For his work on chirally catalysed
oxidation reactions"
|
|
George A. Akerlof
A. Michael Spence
Joseph E. Stiglitz
|
Economics
|
2001
|
"For their analyses of markets
with asymmetric information"
|
|
Leland H. Hartwell
(R. Timothy (Tim) Hunt)
(Sir Paul M. Nurse)
|
Medicine
|
2001
|
"For their discoveries of key
regulators of the cell cycle"
|
|
Eric A. Cornell
(Wolfgang Ketterle)
Wolfgang E. Wieman
|
Physics
|
2001
|
"For the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"
|
|
John B. Fenn
(Koichi Tanaka)
|
Chemistry
|
2002
|
"For the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules: "For their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"
|
|
Daniel Kahneman
|
Economics
|
2002
|
"For having integrated insights
from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning
human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty"
|
|
Vernon L. Smith
|
Economics
|
2002
|
"For having established
laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis,
especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms"
|
|
H. Robert Horvitz
(Sydney Brenner)
(John E. Sulston)
|
Medicine
|
2002
|
"For their discoveries concerning
'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"
|
|
Jimmy Carter
|
Peace
|
2002
|
"For his decades of untiring effort
to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and
human rights, and to promote economic and social development"
|
|
Raymond Davis, Jr.
(Masatoshi Koshiba)
|
Physics
|
2002
|
"For pioneering contributions to
astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"
|
|
Riccardo Giacconi
|
Physics
|
2002
|
"For pioneering contributions
to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources"
|
|
Peter Agre
|
Chemistry
|
2003
|
"For discoveries concerning
channels in cell membranes: for the discovery of water channels"
|
|
Roderick MacKinnon
|
Chemistry
|
2003
|
"For discoveries concerning channels
in cell membranes: for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"
|
|
Robert F. Engle III
|
Economics
|
2003
|
"For methods of analyzing economic
time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)"
|
|
Paul C. Lauterbur
(Sir Peter Mansfield)
|
Medicine
|
2003
|
"For their discoveries
concerning magnetic resonance imaging"
|
|
Alexei A. Abrikosov
Anthony J. Leggett
(Vitaly L. Ginzburg)
|
Physics
|
2003
|
"For pioneering contributions
to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"
|
|
Irwin Rose
(Aaron Ciechanover)
(Avram Hershko)
|
Chemistry
|
2004
|
"For the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated
protein degradation"
|
|
Edward C. Prescott
(Finn E. Kydland)
|
Economics
|
2004
|
"For their contributions to dynamic
macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces
behind business cycles"
|
|
Richard Axel
Linda B. Buck
|
Medicine
|
2004
|
"For their discoveries of odorant
receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"
|
|
David J. Gross
H. David Politzer
Frank Wilczek
|
Physics
|
2004
|
"For the discovery of
asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"
|
