Kellogg-Briand Pact |
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Relations between the United States and France had cooled in the aftermath of World War I. A number of issues had driven the former allies apart, including:
The Coolidge government, at least initially, was not interested in having its hand forced in diplomatic matters and offered no response. A few weeks later, Columbia President Nicholas Murray Butler sounded the same theme in a letter published in The New York Times. The press in New York and elsewhere began a drumbeat calling for the “outlawry of war."
Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg was lukewarm to the idea, but at least gave formal recognition to Briand’s proposal. Meanwhile, public sentiment continued to build. A leader in this effort was Senator William E. Borah of Idaho, who secured the support of the National Grange; its petitions supporting the proposed agreement contained more than two million signatures and increased the pressure on the government. Kellogg began to see advantages in such an agreement, but insisted that the concept be expanded to encompass many nations.
The Kellogg-Briand Pact provided for outlawing war as an “an instrument of national policy," and was further notable for the following:
The U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee studied the matter and issued a report that maintained that the pact did not impair the nation’s ability to act to protect the Monroe Doctrine. Having cleared that hurdle, the full Senate voted 85 to one for ratification. Despite the lopsided tally, little true enthusiasm existed for the highly idealistic agreement. Other nations followed the U.S. lead by ratifying the treaty, but reserving the right to act to protect their special interests.
Events of the 1930s demonstrated the total inability of treaties to halt expansionist nations from making war on their neighbors, proving the skeptics to have been correct. Writing in Harper`s Magazine in February 1933, Nathaniel Peffer observed the unfolding of the Manchurian crisis and concluded that, "Japan acted as it would have acted before 1914. It wanted Manchruian and has taken it. The League of Nations and the Kellogg Pact might as well not have been."
Most damaging perhaps for the United States was that the Kellogg-Briand Pact may have induced some in positions of authority to delay action in the face of aggression, hoping in vain that the terms of the agreement would be honored.
See other diplomatic activity during the Coolidge administration.
The Avalon Project : Kellogg-Briand Pact 1929
The Avalon Project at Yale Law School Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 Art 1 Art 2 Art 3 Treaty between the United States and other Powers providing for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy. Signed at Paris, Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 Art 1 Art 2 Art 3 Treaty between the United States and other Powers providing for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy. Signed at Paris, August 27, 1928 ...
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/kbpact/kbpact.htm
Kellogg Peace Pact August- 1928
Visit HistoryShopping.com '); '); '); Kellogg Peace Pact August- 1928 The President of the German Reich, the President of the United States of America, His Majesty the King of the Belgians, the President of the French Republic, His ...
http://www.historycentral.com/documents/Kellogg.html
Aristide Briand - Biography
... 27, 1928, at the Quai d'Orsay, fifteen nations signed the Pact of Paris, or Kellogg-Briand Pact, for the renunciation of war. In the next year Kellogg joined Briand in the ranks of Nobel Peace Prize laureates. The last major Kellogg-Briand Pact, for the renunciation of war. In the next year Kellogg joined Briand in the ranks of Nobel Peace Prize laureates. The last major proposal Briand ...
http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1926/briand-bio.html