Theodore Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
November 1901
The course of Spanish-American War had highlighted the need for rapid access between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Foreign policy experts began to question adherence to the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850, an agreement pledging the U.S. and Britain to not take independent action in constructing a transoceanic canal in Central America. Negotiations began during the McKinley administration between John Hay, the U.S. secretary of state, and Lord Julian Pauncefote, the British ambassador to Washington. Initial bargaining was slowed by disagreements over fortifying the proposed canal and seeking other signatories for any agreement that might be reached. Agreement was reached late in the year after Roosevelt had succeeded the slain McKinley. The following points were approved by both nations:
- The U.S. was authorized to construct and manage a Central American canal
- The U.S. was to guarantee the neutrality of the canal and was authorized to fortify the area, if necessary
- The canal was to be open to all nations; rates were to be fair and equal.
The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty superceded the earlier Clayton-Bulwer agreement and would be followed by the failed Hay-Herrán Treaty and the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, both in 1903.
NOTE: An earlier version of the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty was negotiated in 1900, but the agreement failed to provide for fortification of the anticipated canal and did not seek an international guarantee of the canal's neutrality. So many amendments were offered in the U.S. Senate that an entirely new treaty was negotiated the following year.
See other foreign affairs issues under Theodore Roosevelt.
Off-site search results for "Hay-Pauncefote Treaty"... Clayton-Bulwer Treaty
Sussex co., Del. Admitted (1819) ...Hay-Pauncefote Treaties - Hay-Pauncefote Treaties , negotiated in 1899 and 1901 by Secretary of State John Hay, for the ...Bulwer, William Henry Lytton Earle, Baron Dalling and Bulwer - BuHay-Pauncefote Treaties - Hay-Pauncefote Treaties , negotiated in 1899 and 1901 by Secretary of State John Hay, for the ...Bulwer, William Henry Lytton Earle, Baron Dalling and Bulwer - BuHay-Pauncefote Treaties , negotiated in 1899 and 1901 by Secretary of State John Hay, for the ...Bulwer, William Henry Lytton Earle, Baron Dalling and Bulwer - Bulwer, William Henry ...
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0812485.html
The Avalon Project : Convention for the Construction of a Ship Canal (Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty), November 18, 1903
... any right of the United States under the present convention, or under any treaty stipulation between the two countries that now exists or may hereafter exist touching the subject matter of this convention. If the Republic of Panama shall ...
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/panama/pan001.htm
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
... restrictions, political control over it, but it was not until 1901, with the Hay-Pauncefote Treaties, that this end was finally achieved. 2See M. W. Williams, Anglo-American Isthmian Diplomacy, 1815–1915 (1916, reprHay-Pauncefote Treaties, that this end was finally achieved. 2See M. W. Williams, Anglo-American Isthmian Diplomacy, 1815–1915 (1916, repr. 1965). 3 The ...
http://www.bartleby.com/65/cl/ClaytonBT.html
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