Stillaguamish Native American Tribe

The Stillaguamish Reservation is located in northern Snohomish County near

href="http://www.ohwy.com/wa/a/arlingto.htm">Arlington, between the

href="http://www.ohwy.com/wa/w/wascasca.htm">Cascade Mountains and

href="http://www.ohwy.com/wa/p/pugetsou.htm">Puget Sound. The

Stillaguamish Watershed drains 694 square miles of Snohomish and Seattle.

Tribal facilities are located primarily on a 40-acre site with housing and tribal offices.

Altogether, the reservation consists of 76 acres.

A brief history

The Stillaguamish Tribe comprises descendants of the Stoluckwamish (river people)

River Tribe. Given the mild climate, the men and children needed clothing only in the

winter. The women wore garments fashioned with cedar bark. They harvested salmon

and other seafood, gathered berries and roots, and hunted goats in the Cascades.

After Europeans arrived in their area and introduced them to potatoes, the

Stillaguamish began to grow them in small bottomland plots. The Stillaguamish traded

with neighboring tribes, and later, Europeans. Eventually they were employed by

white settlers, toiling at such tasks as clearing land and harvesting crops.

By the time one Samuel Hancock encountered the Stillaguamish people in 1850,

members indicated a previous contact with Christianity by making the sign of the

Cross over their chests. However, he reported, a handgun was something new to

them.

The name Stillaguamish has been used since around 1850 to refer to those natives

who lived along the main branch of a river of the same name and camped along its

north and south forks.

Slowly capitulating to the domination of the new white settlers in the Puget Sound

region, the Stillaguamish and others eventually relinquished the land their forebears

had called home for millennia. They became a party to the Treaty of Point Elliott, held

in Mukilteo on January 22, 1855, under the spelling Stoluckwamish. The treaty called

for the cession of Indian lands to the U.S. Government in exchange for federal

assistance and acreage reserved for the Indians. However, no separate reservation

was established for the Stoluckwamish Indians. Some moved onto the

href="http://www.ohwy.com/wa/t/tulaintr.htm">Tulalip Reservation, as called for

in the treaty, but most remained in their ancestral area along the Stillaguamish River, or

became assimilated elsewhere.

The Rev. Eugene Casimir Chirouse, a Catholic missionary, established a mission in the

lower Snohomish River country in 1857. His efforts had a positive effect on the

inhabitants.

By the turn of the 20th century, however, the Stillaguamish tribe was nearly extinct.

With no formal existing organization, tribal members had dispersed. In the 1920s,

surviving members asked Esther Ross, a young, educated woman who was one

quarter Stillaguamish*, to help them sue for lost land and gain government services.

After moving to the Pacific Northwest from California, Ross made it her mission to

restore the Stillaguamish to a gathered people and to win federal recognition for them

as a tribe. She found that the Stillaguamish lacked a tribal identity; solely through

federal recognition, she was convinced, could it be rekindled.

Ross waged her campaign for half a century. When she began, the Stillaguamish

numbered 29 souls; at the time of her death there were 160, but she had believed that the

true count was closer to 500. A milestone during that period was the Stillaguamish

Tribal Council's approval of a constitution on January 31, 1953.

The tribe filed a claim with the Indian Claims Commission to seek compensation for

lands ceded to the U.S. under the Point Elliott Treaty of 1855. On January 8, 1970,

the commission entered a judgment in the amount of $64,460 for the tribe's former

58,600 acres. Also in 1970, Ross managed to make the Stillaguamish a party in a

fishing rights suit against the state government by Washington Indian tribes. At the

same time, she worked steadily to get a piece of land put into trust** status so that

her tribe could prove that it had a land base -- a necessity for federal recognition.

This, allied with the historic 1974 decision of District Judge Hugo Boldt to grant the

Stillaguamish (and other Northwest tribes) fishing rights based on treaty guarantees,

raised the Stillaguamish to a new level of viability.

The tribe petitioned the secretary of the interior to acknowledge them for recognition

as an Indian tribe in 1974. On October 27, 1976, they achieved federal recognition

and treaty rights, and were made eligible for federal services.

The Stillaguamish Tribal Hatchery was started in 1978 to help restore the the

Stillaguamish River's diminishing Chinook and Coho salmon runs.

The tribe was included in the Federal Register in 1979, which made it eligible for

Indian Health Service care. The IHS Puget Sound Service Unit then incorporated

the tribe as part of its outreach.

In 1994, the Stillaguamish tribe became involved with monitoring the water quality in

the Stillaguamish Watershed as part of their efforts to recover the salmon runs. The

tribe has since worked with local, state and federal agencies to isolate water quality

problems as human demands on ground and surface water increase.

In late 2002, tribal leaders announced plans to build a casino on 20 acres of property

surrounding the tribe's administration building north of Arlington. Thirty-two

Stillaguamish families were residing on the tract. The tribe bought out 30 of the

families, provided them housing elsewhere in Snohomish County or compensated

them with cash. Angel of the Winds Casino opened in 2004. That year, the 22,000-square foot

facility featured 425 slot machines and 10 table games. The property also had a snack

bar and employed about 200 persons.

The Stillaguamish today

There are 237 formally enrolled tribal members, and the Indian population living on or

near the reservation is 487. In addition, there is a service population of 1,476. The

tribal constitution calls for tribal administration to be overseen by the elected

six-member Stillaguamish Tribal Council.

Tribal programs include:

The Stillaguamish Natural Resources Department, which maintains a

water quality database for various watershed streams as well as

href="http://www.ohwy.com/wa/p/portsusa.htm">Port Susan. The department is

responsible for carrying out various restoration activities to aid in salmon recovery.

The Stillaguamish Tribal Hatchery is responsible for releasing 200,000 wild origin

Chinook into the river system annually.

The Stillaguamish Tribe's health clinic shares space with the tribal administration

in a 1,040-square foot building at Arlington. The clinic provides limited primary care

services with an exam room and counseling office. Programs include elder care and

alcohol counseling. The tribe employs one full-time nurse, a physician's assistant one

day a week and a doctor on contract service one day a month.

Child day care and elders programs.

Grants development.

Housing and community development.

BankSavers is a Stillaguamish tribal company that helps restore and cool watershed

waters. The two primary goals of the BankSavers Project are to supply quality native

plants for habitat restoration, and provide training and work experience to tribal

members, other Native Americans, and other workers who seek employment.

The tribe sponsors the annual Stillaguamish Festival of the River. Past festivals

provided an opportunity for local folks to share their experiences and learn from

others about water quality and salmon habitat in the watershed. In addition to a fish

storytelling tent for children and parents, there were arts & crafts vendors, a salmon

barbecue prepared by the tribe, and music provided by local bands. A powwow and

photo/art contest also were included.

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*On her matrilineal side, Ross could trace her ancestry to Chief Caddus, an

influential leader of the Stillaguamish.
**Land owned by the federal government but maintained by a tribe.

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