Quileute Tribe

La Push, Washington, is home to the

Quileute Tribe. Encompassed by the

href="http://www.ohwy.com/wa/o/olympinp.htm">Olympic National Park rainforests, the

tribe's 640-acre reservation lies at the mouth of the Quillayute River in La Push. The Quileute

tribe resides midway between the

href="http://www.ohwy.com/wa/m/makahnat.htm">Makah Nation and the

href="http://www.ohwy.com/wa/q/quininat.htm">Quinault Indian Nation.

A brief history

Legend holds that a supernatural transformer fashioned the Quileute from wolves. The tribe's

ancestry purportedly reaches back to the Ice Age, which would make them the most ancient

inhabitants of the Pacific

Northwest. The Quileute dialect was part of the Chimakuan language family tree.

The Quileute hunted sea mammals and fished. They were accomplished whalers and sealers.

They built cedar canoes that ranged in capacity from two-man crafts to vessels capable of

conveying 6,000 pounds of freight. The Quileute spun long dog hair into warm blankets and

wove fine baskets -- some of them capable of holding water. Interaction with neighboring

tribes involved intermarriage, trade, and the potlatch, an important status ceremony that

redistributed wealth. On occasion, trespassing triggered warfare or slave raiding.

Extended families of Quileute resided in long winter houses at the mouths of streams. Each

structure was occupied by a headman, nobility, commoners, and sometimes slaves taken from

neighboring tribes. During the summer, they disbanded into small units, some heading upriver to

hunting camps.

Quileutes relied upon, and were answerable to, supernatural powers. Youths searched for their

personal guardian power (taxilit) on individual "spirit quests." The first-salmon ceremony

ensured the salmon spirit's good will. Other similiar rituals addressed the spirits.

The Quileute people remained isolated from white contact until American captain Robert Gray

arrived in May 1792 and took up trading with them. There also are early accounts of

shipwrecked Spanish explorers who ended up living with them.

Aggressive, land-hungry settlers began to arrive in the 1830s. The first official contacts with the

U.S. government occurred in 1855, when the Quileutes and others negotiated the Quinault

River Treaty with representatives of Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens. On January 25, 1856,

Chief How-yak and two assistants trekked to Olympia to ink the treaty.

In so doing, they relinquished more than 800,000 acres of old-growth timberland, flush with

fish and wildlife, in the Quillayute River basin. In exchange, the treaty provided rights for the

Quileute to hunt, fish and gather in the ancestral way on relinquished lands. In addition, they

were promised health care, schooling and vocational training. The document also assigned the

Quileute people to live on the Quinault Reservation in Taholah, but they refused to move.

However, the Quileute territory was so remote that the stipulation was not enforced.

In 1882, the dominant society's bent on acculturation reached the Quileute at the village of La

Push in the person of teacher A.W. Smith, who set up a school. Among other things, he

proceeded to rename Quileutes from American and Scriptural personages, as well as to

anglicize Quileute names.

In February 1889, an executive order of President Benjamin Harrison established a

one-mile-square reservation at La Push, which had 252 inhabitants at the time. That year, all 26 houses at

La Push were torched by a settler who coveted the land on which they had

stood.

An act on March 4, 1904 prompted the commissioner of Indian affairs to declare the Quileutes

eligible to receive land allotments on the reservation as stipulated in their 1856 treaty. In 1928,

the government completed the allotments by granting each of 165 Quileutes an 80-acre tract

on the Quinault Reservation.

In 1936 the tribe adopted a home-rule constitution and bylaws. That was, in part, a response

to the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934:

"An Act to conserve and develop Indian lands and resources; to extend to

Indians the right to form business and other organizations; to establish a credit system for

Indians; to grant certain rights of home rule to Indians; to provide for vocational education for

Indians; and for other purposes."

For lands ceded through the Quinault River Treaty, the Quileute and three other tribes had

each received $25,000, as stipulated by the treaty. In retrospect, the four tribes believed the

amount to be unscrupulously low. In response, the Indian Claims Commission determined the

tribes had a combined 688,000 acres as of March 8, 1858. On April 17, 1963, the Quileutes

and the neighboring Hohs were

compensated in the amount of $112,152.60 for their share.

The Quileute today

The modern Quileute people earn their livelihood from fishing and logging. In addition to the

reservation, nearly 600 acres of trust land is tribally owned.

The tribe's governing body is the Quileute Tribal Council. The council exercises the powers to:

"...veto any sales, disposition, lease, or other encumbrance of tribal

lands,

advise on and approve appropriations,

levy and collect taxes and license fees from nonmembers doing business on the

reservation,

enforce ordinances dealing with visitors, trespassers, and tribal memberships,

and

operate a tribal court and to maintain law and order."

La Push boasts several oceanfront resorts, a seafood firm, fish hatchery, marina, and the

href=" http://quileute.schools.bia.edu/">Quileute Tribal School. The Lonesome Creek

store, a post office and RV park can be found in town. A small museum and the Quileute head

offices exist on the old village site.

Quileute Days is staged annually in mid-July at La Push. The event combines a tribal

celebration of such cultural traditions as a salmon bake and arts & craft displays, with a

modern-day small-town festival.

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